8. Source des Images

Chapitre 2: Pollution pétrolière

Bird with oiled coat
Bird with oiled coat
Jon Fisher, Marine Photobank
Last access: 10.11.2008
Sinking tanker
Sinking tanker New Flame
David Parody
Last access: 17.11.2008
Storm drain
A Storm drain in Irvine California, United States
Ganeshk
Last access: 10.11.2008
Sources of oil input to the sea
Inputs of oil entering the marine environment from ships and other sea-based activities in the period 1988 - 1997
Data source: GESAMP Report and Studies No 75 (2007)
Last access: 09.06.2009
New flame vessel sinking
Partially sunk New Flame vessel after collision with an oil tanker in the Strait of Gibraltar in August 2008
David Parody
Last access: 18.12.2008
Vessel illegally discharging
Aerial view of a vessel illegally discharging
Last access: 09.06.2009
Pump jack
A pumpjack in Texas
Flcelloguy
Last access: 18.12.2008
Pipeline network in Venezuela
Pipeline network in Venezuela
Last access: 09.06.2009
Marine pollution sources
Sources of marine pollution
Last access: 09.06.2009
Recent oil spill
Recent spillage of oil
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Oil spill after a few hours
Oil spill in the Philippines August 2006
Last access: 30.07.2008
Oil spill after a few hours
An oil slice approaching land, resulting from the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill in March 1989
Erich Gundlach
Last access: 09.06.2009
Oil spill after a few hours
Oil slick visible on water's surface above the sunken battleship USS Arizona (BB-39) in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
James G. Howes, 01.11.2005
Last access: 09.06.2009
Hazard symbol - toxic
The hazard symbol for toxic/highly toxic substances according to directive 67/548/EWG by the European Chemicals Bureau
Last access: 15.01.2009
Seal
A Seal
Last access: 15.01.2009
Bird with oiled coat
Bird with oiled coat
Mila Zinkova, 11.07.2007
Last access: 15.01.2009
Oiled shoreline
An oiled shoreline
Last access: 15.01.2009
Power station at the coast
A power station at the coast
Last access: 15.01.2009
Oil tanker Exxon Valdez grounded on Bligh Reef
Oil tanker Exxon Valdez grounded on Bligh Reef 25.08.2004
Last access: 05.01.2009
Oil recovery vessel 'Knechtsand'
The German oil recovery vessel 'Knechtsand'
Havariekommando Cuxhaven
US Coast Guard helicopter
Helicopter of the United States Coast Guard with animated propellers (HH-65 Dolphin)
United States Coast Guard
Last access: 06.01.2008
Exxon Valdez tanker circled with containment boom
Exxon Valdez tanker circled with containment boom
Last access: 06.01.2008
Deployment of a containment boom
Deployment of a containment boom
Last access: 06.01.2008
In-situ burning of an oil slick at sea
In-situ burning of an oil slick at sea
Last access: 17.07.2008
Spreading dispersants by boat and by plane
Spreading dispersants by boat and by plane
Last access: 10.06.2009
Schematic illustration of an oil spill spreading on the sea surface
Schematic illustration of an oil spill spreading on the sea surface
Data source: CONCAWE 1981
Illustration: Christina Klose, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Airborne optical image of fuel oil on the sea surface
Airborne optical image of fuel oil on the sea surface
UK Environment Agency / V. Byfield, National Oceanography Centre Southampton
Radar image of an oilspill
ASAR wide-swath image acquired 17 November 2002 showing an oil spill originating from the stricken Prestige tanker, lying 100 km off the Spanish coast
Last access: 09.06.2009
Oil spill model output
GIS screenshot with remote sensing data from the Sea Empress oil spill in 1996
UK Environment Agency / S.Boxall, National Oceanography Center, UK
SAR image of Kerch Strait
SAR image of the Kerch Strait oil spill
Last access: 14.02.2008
Oil spill model output
Fuel oil drift in the Kerch Strait 11-15 November 2007
State Oceanography Institute, Moscow
Schematic showing how data from many sensors is put together
Schematic from the Black Sea showing how data from many sensors are put together to give an environmental map of the area
Olga Lavrova, Russian Academy of Sciences Space Research Institute, Moscow
Maritime surveillance aircraft
Maritime surveillance aircraft DO 228 of the Central Command for Maritime Emergencies (CCME) on scene in the North Sea.
Central Command for Maritime Emergencies (in German: Havariekommando), Cuxhaven, Germany
Instruments aboard maritime surveillance aircraft
Remote Sensing instruments aboard maritime surveillance aircraft Dornier 228 LM
Dornier Aerospace, Friedrichshafen, Germany.
Modified by Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

The Sea Empress aground
The Sea Empress aground off St. Anne's Head at the entrance to Milford Haven
Last access: 10.09.2009
Aerial photograph of the cliffs at St Anne's Head
Aerial photograph of the cliffs at St Anne's Head
Countryside Council for Wales
CASI image shows brown streaks of oil off St Anne's head
CASI image showing brown streaks of oil off St Anne's head
UK Environment Agency / UK National Oceanograpgy Center
CASI image showing oil leaking from the Sea Empress when docked in Milford Haven
CASI image showing oil leaking from the Sea Empress when docked in Milford Haven
UK Environment Agency / V. Byfield, UK National Oceanograpgy Center
CASI image of Milford Haven with the Sea Empress and streaks of oil sheen in Angle Bay
CASI image of Milford Haven with the Sea Empress and streaks of oil sheen in Angle Bay
UK Environment Agency / V. Byfield, UK National Oceanograpgy Center
RADARSAT image of Milford Haven and Carmarthen Bay
RADARSAT image of Milford Haven and Carmarthen Bay
RADARSAT / UK Environment Agency
ERS-SAR image of Milford Haven and Carmarthen Bay
ERS-SAR image of Milford Haven and Carmarthen Bay from 26 February 1996
ESA / UK Environment Agency
CASI image from the Tenby area in Carmarthen Bay
CASI image from the Tenby area in Carmarthen Bay on 27 February 1996
UK Environment Agency / V. Byfield, UK National Oceanograpgy Center
Thermal infrared image from the Tenby area
Thermal infrared image from the Tenby area obtained on 27 February 1996
UK Environment Agency / V. Byfield, UK National Oceanograpgy Center
Map of South Wales and the Bristol Channel
Map of South Wales and the Bristol Channel
P.Dyrynda, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Swansea, UK
Clean-up at sea in the Tenby area of Carmarthen Bay on 27th February 1996
Clean-up at sea in the Tenby area of Carmarthen Bay on 27th February 1996
UK Environment Agency / UK National Oceanograpgy Center
Cleaning up the beach in the Saundersfoot area of Carmarthen Bay
Cleaning up the beach in the Saundersfoot area of Carmarthen Bay
P. Dyrynda, University of Wales, Swansea
Map of South Wales and the Bristol Channel showing the shoreline most affected by oil
Map of South Wales and the Bristol Channel showing the shoreline most affected by oil of the Sea Empress
P.Dyrynda, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Swansea, UK
Angle Bay grasslands and intertidal mudflats
Angle Bay grasslands and intertidal mudflats
Countryside Council for Wales
Oilspill cleanup in West Angle Bay
Oilspill cleanup in West Angle Bay
Countryside Council for Wales
Surface oil in the Tenby area
Surface oil in the Tenby area of Carmarthen Bay
Countryside Council for Wales
View from Saundersfoot Leisure Park across the Bay
View from Saundersfoot Leisure Park across the Bay
Saundersfoot Bay Leisure Park
Surface oil around the rock in Saundersfoot Bay
Surface oil around the rock in Saundersfoot Bay
P. Dyrynda, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Swansea, UK

Infos supplémentaires

Supplément 2.1: Types of Oil

German coast guard ship putting up a containment boom
German coast guard ship putting up a containment boom
Havariekommando, Cuxhaven, Germany
Two sorts of oil
Two sorts of oil with different viscosity
Agnar Pettersen, Cuxhaven, Germany
Two sorts of oil
Two sorts of oil with different viscosity
Agnar Pettersen

Supplément 2.2: Properties of Oil

Testing the natural dispersion
Water, oil and a cork
Christina Klose, University of Oldenburg, Germany
In-situ burning of an oil slick at sea
Burning of floating oil as a measure of oil spill control
Last access: 17.07.2008
In-situ burning of an oil slick at sea
Flash and fire points of two different kinds of motor oil
Last access: 17.07.2008

Supplément 2.3: Emulsions

Oil in water
Oil in water
Christina Klose, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Emulsion
Emulsion
Christina Klose, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Emulsion
Oil-in-water emulsion
Christina Klose, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Emulsion
Water-in-oil emulsion
Christina Klose, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Supplément 2.4: Natural Oil Seeps

Oil seep
A vertical section through the Earth's crust, ...
US Geological Survey
Last access: 14.09.2009
Oil seep
Natural oil seep at Tar Water Creek ...
US Geological Survey
Last access: 14.09.2009
Natural tar
Natural tar seep offshore Gaviota, ...
Donna Schroeder, MMS; US Geological Survey
Last access: 14.09.2009
Oil seep
Tar found floating in the ocean offshore Point Conception, ...
US Geological Survey
Last access: 14.09.2009
Oil seep
European Remote Sensing 1 satellite radar image ...
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Last access: 14.09.2009

Supplément 2.5: Weathering of Oil on the Water Surface

Oil weathering
Weathering of oil on the water surface
SINTEV, with modifications by Christina Klose, University of Oldenburg, germany
Last access: 14.09.2009
Oil spill
Oil spill at sea forming narrow bands
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Water evaporating from a lake
Water evaporating from a lake
National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office, NOAA, USA
Last access: 14.09.2009
Testing the natural dispersion
Testing the natural dispersion of oil due to waves at OHMSETT oil spill testing facility
OHMSETT, USA
Last access: 14.09.2009
Water channel at OHMSETT
Water channel at OHMSETT oil spill testing facility
Minerals Management Service, USA
Last access: 14.09.2009

Supplément 2.6: Operational Oil Discharges at Sea

Oil spill at sea
Engine room
Oil spill at sea
Tevaprapas
Last access: 14.09.2009
Bilge
A bilge well in a ship
Klipper
Last access: 14.09.2009
Cruise ship
Cartoon
A cartoonist's view of airborne oil spill surveillance
Wilfried Graf Schwerin von Krosigk
In: K-H Preuß & R H Simen (Editors): Geschichten, die die Forschung schreibt 7

Supplément 2.7: Accidental Discharges at Sea

tanker accident
Grounding: 34% etc.
CEDRE
tanker accidents
Number of oil tanker accidents causing spills ...
CEDRE
Last access: 14.09.2009

Supplément 2.8: Land-based Sources of Oil Pollution

Oil spill clean-up
Cleanup crews work to restore beaches ...
Jonathan R. Cilley, U.S. Coast Guard/Marine Photobank
Last access: 14.09.2009
Anacortes Refinery
Anacortes Refinery Tesoro Corporation, ...
Walter Siegmund
Last access: 14.09.2009
Worn tyres
Worn tyres on sale in a shop in Gambia
no author given
Last access: 14.09.2009
Petrol station
Petrol station in St. Julians, Malta
Walter Siegmund
Last access: 14.09.2009
Motorcycle washing in a private driveway
Motorcycle washing in a private driveway
Piero
Last access: 14.09.2009
Sewage outfall
Sewage outfall in the Maldives
Bluepeace
Last access: 14.09.2009
Only rain down the drain
Only rain down the drain
Anne Murphy, Flickr
Last access: 14.09.2009

Supplément 2.9: Contigency Planning in Oil Spill Response

Bulk carrier grounded
Bulk carrier grounded and leaking bunker fuel
ITOPF
Last access: 14.09.2009
Bulk carrier grounded
Regular communication between all parties ...
ITOPF
Last access: 14.09.2009

Supplément 2.10: Choices of Oil Spill Response

Spreading dispersants
Spreading dispersants by airplane
CEDRE
Last access: 14.09.2009
Oil covers a beach
Oil covers a beach on the Tuzla Spit in the Kerch Strait
http://www.marinephotobank.org/, Russian Doors
Last access: 14.09.2009
Oil slick on fire
Containment of an oil spill ...
Containment of an oil spill with a boom ...
http://www.marinephotobank.org/, Megan Jankowski
Last access: 14.09.2009

Supplément 2.11: Impact of Oil on Different Types of Coasts

Oil spill at sea
Oil on rocks
Oil on beach
Oil and tar washed ashore at the southern tip ...
Georg Heiss / Marine Photobank
Last access: 14.09.2009
Oil on marshes
Marsh near Fort Johnson, South Carolina ...
NOAA, USA
Last access: 16.09.2009
Coral transplant
Coral transplanting as part of restoration activities ...
NOAA, USA
Last access: 16.09.2009

Supplément 2.12: Impact of Oil on Marine Flora and Fauna

Bird oiled
A storm wrecked several ships, including an oil tanker ...
http://www.marinephotobank.org/, Russian Doors
Last access: 14.09.2009
Food chain
Marine food chain
Christina Klose, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Oyster
Oyster
Aomorikuma
Last access: 16.09.2009
Smelly fish
Smelly fish
Christina Klose, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Land reference
A reference condition of vegetation on land (France)
CEDRE
Last access: 16.09.2009

Supplément 2.13: Impact of Oil on Fisheries and Aquaculture

Salmon farm
Salmon farm
Salmon Farm Protest Group/Marine Photobank
Last access: 16.09.2009
Fishermen
Fishermen in Indonesia using gill net
Sterling Zumbrunn / Marine Photobank
Last access: 16.09.2009
Fishermen
Water quality testing on a shrimp farm
OceanBoy Farms / Marine Photobank
Last access: 16.09.2009
Fish trade
Fish are often the main food protein source for coastal communities ...
Kathleen Reaugh / Marine Photobank
Last access: 16.09.2009

Supplément 2.14: Oil Spill Maps Based on Aerial Detection

Baltic Sea 1998 to 2004
Map of detected oil spills in the Baltic Sea ...
Serac, Joint Research Centre ISPRA
Last access: 14.09.2009
Baltic Sea 1998 to 2004
Map of the density of detected oil spills in the Baltic Sea ...
Serac, Joint Research Centre ISPRA
Last access: 14.09.2009
North Sea 1998 to 2004
Map of detected oil spills in the North Sea ...
Serac, Joint Research Centre ISPRA
Last access: 14.09.2009
North Sea 1998 to 2004
Map of the density of detected oil spills in the North Sea ...
Serac, Joint Research Centre ISPRA
Last access: 14.09.2009

Supplément 2.15: Visual Appearance of Oil Spills on the Water Surface

Part of an oil spill
Part of an oil spill from 50 m3 of heavy fuel oil
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Slicks on the water surface
Slicks on the water surface, from exudates of algae
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Supplément 2.16: The Side-looking Airborne Radar

Geometry of SLAR operation
Geometry of SLAR operation and resolved surface area
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
The rough sea surface causes diffuse reflection
The rough sea surface causes diffuse reflection of the radar wave
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
SLAR image of a ship
SLAR image of a ship seen as a white spot because of its high backscatter efficiency
The Archimedes 2 Experiment, R.H. Gillot (Editor). Commission of the European Communities, Joint Research Centre Ispra, EUR 11249 EN, 235 pp., 1987

Supplément 2.17: The Microwave Radiometer

Geometry of microwave radiometer
Geometry of microwave radiometer scanning operation
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Interference colours
Interference colours seen in foam bubbles on the shore
Mila Zinkova; Wikimedia Commons
Brightness temperature of oil given in absolute temperatures
Brightness temperature of oil given in absolute ...
The Archimedes 1 Experiment, R.H. Gillot & F. Toselli (Editor). Commission of the European Communities, Joint Research Centre Ispra, EUR 10216 EN, 228 pp., 1985; re-drawn
Heavy fuel oil slick
Heavy fuel oil slick with a total volume of 17 m3
The Archimedes 2 Experiment, R.H. Gillot (Editor). Commission of the European Communities, Joint Research Centre Ispra, EUR 11249 EN, 235 pp., 1987; re-drawn

Supplément 2.18: The UV-IR Scanner

Emittance
Blackbody radiation
National Oceanography Centre Southampton
Crude in IR
IR image of Forties crude
Environment Agency / V. Byfield, National Oceanography Centre Southampton
UV-IR
IR, UV and combined artificial image from an oil slick, detected in Spring 2000
Zielinski O, T Hengstermann, D Mach, P Wagner; Optimare GmbH, Wilhelmshaven, Germany; Steinhage A, C Winkel, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
Last access: 16.09.2009
UV-IR scanner
Geometry of the UV / IR line scanning operation
Valborg Byfield, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, UK; Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Crude in UV
UV image of crude oil
Environment Agency / Valborg Byfield, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton

Supplément 2.19: The Laser Fluorosensor

Measuring principle of the laser fluorosensor
Measuring principle of the laser fluorosensor, analysis of an oil spill at sea
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Oil-on-water fluorescence
Left: a thick layer of lubricating oil is illuminated with UV laser radiation at 355 nm wavelength
Soenke Ohlhoff & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Oil-on-water fluorescence
Right: thin films of lubricating oil on a water surface are illuminated with the laser radiation and emit blue fluorescence
Soenke Ohlhoff & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Fluorescence of oil types
Fluorescence spectra of different oil types upon irradiation with UV light at 308 nm wavelength
Theo Hengstermann & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Emission spectrum of water
Emission spectrum of a water sample from the North Sea illuminated with ultraviolet light at 270 nm wavelength
Rainer Willkomm & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Water Raman scattering
Raman scattering of purified (i.e., non-fluorescent) water in the absence of oil...
Theo Hengstermann & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Oil spill at sea
Oil spill following a discharge of 1000 litres of crude oil
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Oil spill at sea
Data of a laser fluorosensor taken above an oil spill, see photograph in the left column
Theo Hengstermann & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Oil spill at sea
discharge - 4 min - 8 min - 14 min ...
Theo Hengstermann & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Exercices

Exercise c02-01: Jeu de rôles: Résoudre la pollution

Dump no waste
Dump no water - drains to river
Grunge textures
Last access: 16.09.2009

Exercise c02-02-1: Apparence visuelle des hydrocarbures à la surface de l'eau

Maritime surveillance aircraft
A maritime surveillance aircraft.
Central Command for Maritime Emergencies (in German: Havariekommando), Cuxhaven, Germany
oil spill
A ship spilling crude oil while underway, ...
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
oil spill
Oil spill from a discharge of 1000 litres of light crude oil ...
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Exercise c02-02-2: Détection lointaine des nappes d'hydrocarbures par radar

Maritime surveillance aircraft
A maritime surveillance aircraft with the long bar-shaped SLAR antenna ...
Central Command for Maritime Emergencies, Cuxhaven, Germany
SLAR image
Image of the sea surface to the right of the aircraft, ...
The Archimedes 2 Experiment, R.H. Gillot, Editor. Commission of the European Communities, Joint Research Centre ISPRA, EUR 11249 EN, 1987; page 68

Exercise c02-02-3: Franges d'interférence des hydrocarbures sur l'eau

MW brightness
Brightness temperature of oil given in absolute temperatures (Kelvin scale), ...
The Archimedes 1 Experiment, R.H. Gillot & F Toselli, Editors. Commission of the European Communities, Joint Research Centre ISPRA, EUR 10216 EN, 1985; page 12; re-drawn
MWR geometry
Geometry of microwave radiometer scanning operation
The Archimedes 1 Experiment, R.H. Gillot & F Toselli, Editors. Commission of the European Communities, Joint Research Centre ISPRA, EUR 10216 EN, 1985; page 107; re-drawn
MWR image
Heavy fuel oil slick with a total volume of 17 m3, ...
The Archimedes 2 Experiment, R.H. Gillot, Editor. Commission of the European Communities, Joint Research Centre ISPRA, EUR 11249 EN, 1987; page 63; re-drawn
interference
An oil layer with thickness d on the water surface, ...
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Exercise c02-02-4: Interference Fringes of Oil on Water: Supplement

interference
An oil layer with thickness d on the water surface, ...
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany