11. Image Credits

7. Water Analysis Using Lidar

Measuring principle of the laser fluorosensor, analysis of an oil spill at sea
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Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Left: a thick layer of lubricating oil is illuminated with UV laser radiation at 355 nm wavelength...
Right: thin films of lubricating oil on a water surface are illuminated with the laser radiation and emit blue fluorescence...
Photographs

Sören Ohlhoff & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Fluorescence spectra of different oil types upon irradiation with UV light at 308 nm wavelength...
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Theo Hengstermann & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Emission spectrum of a water sample from the North Sea illuminated with ultraviolet light at 270 nm wavelength...
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Rainer Reuter & Rainer Willkomm, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Raman scattering of purified (i.e., non-fluorescent) water and in the absence of oil (0 ?m)...
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Theo Hengstermann & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Oil spill following a discharge of 1000 litres of crude oil...
Aerial photograph

Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Data of a laser fluorosensor taken above an oil spill, see photograph in the left column...
Graph

Theo Hengstermann & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

The series of images shown to the right includes photographs (above) from a discharge of 200 litres of gas oil and the results of a film thickness analysis with an imaging laser fluorosensor (below)...
Aerial photographs

Theo Hengstermann & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Left: Film thickness of an oil spill measured with a laser fluorosensor... Right: Colour composite of images obtained with a multispectral scanner...
Graphics

EARSeL eProceedings

URL: Lennon M, S Babichenko, N Thomas, V Mariette, G Mercier & A Lisin, 2006. Detection and mapping of oil slicks in the sea by combined use of hyperspectral imagery and laser-induced fluorescence. EARSeL eProceedings, 5(1): 120-128

Last access: 03.03.2010

Combination of the laser fluorosensor and multispectral scanner data shown in the left column in one image...
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EARSeL eProceedings

Last access: 03.03.2010

Thick line: Emission spectrum of a water sample from the North Sea upon illumination with ultraviolet radiation with 270 nm wavelength. Thin line: Absorbance spectrum of pure water.
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Rainer Willkomm & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Distribution of gelbstoff fluorescence in the upper water column in the Canary Islands region, ...
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Rainer Willkomm & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Left: A river discharge front at sea, visible by a foam line and by the brightening of the water surface due to a film of organic molecules.
Right: Schematic presentation of the vertical structure of a river discharge front ...
Photography and graph

Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Yellow substances on 53°50'N, 54°00'N, 54°08'N, 54°15'N. All data on 54°00'N. All data on 54°08'N. All data on 54°15'N.
Graphs

Theo Hengstermann & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Supplement 7.1: The Hydrographic Lidar Equation

Elements of a hydrographic lidar aboard aircraft over water
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Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Emission spectrum of a water sample from the North Sea illuminated with ultraviolet light at 270 nm wavelength...
Graph

Rainer Reuter & Rainer Willkomm, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Fluorescence spectra of different oil types upon irradiation with UV light at 308 nm wavelength...
Graph

Theo Hengstermann & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Supplement 7.2: Fluorescence

Interaction of a photon with two energy levels of an atom...
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Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Example of a diatomic molecule with an equilibrium distance ...
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Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Energy as a function of nuclear distance for the ground state ...
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Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Three phases of molecular fluorescence as explained in the text
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Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Four phases of molecular phosphorescence explained in the text
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Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Supplement 7.3: Raman scattering

Left: Diagram of electron shell (red) and nucleus (blue) of an atom. Right: in an external electric field, ...
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Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Left: Structure of the water molecule built out of an oxygen atom (red) and two hydrogen atoms (blue) aligned at an angle of 104.45°. ...
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Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Two water molecules are held together by a hydrogen bond (broken line). ...
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Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

In the liquid state, many water molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds to build a cluster.
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Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

When all hydrogen bonds have been built, as is the case when water freezes, each molecule is then surrounded by four other molecules whose oxygen atoms are found at the tip of a tetraeder (triangular pyramid). ...
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Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

The three vibrational modes of a water molecule with corresponding frequencies ...
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Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Frequencies and polarizabilities of an oscillating molecule.
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Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Interaction of a photon and a molecule: ...
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Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

The three vibrational modes of a water molecule with their wavenumbers.
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Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Spectra of the intensity of three Raman bands of liquid water, ...
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Marc Schroeder & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

The Raman bands of free individual molecules (monomer) and of molecules bound by hydrogen bonds (polymer) ...
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