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3. Climate and climate change
Literature
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
URL: https://www.ipcc.ch/
Last access: 18.11.2025
International Energy Agency
The International Energy Agency (IEA) works with governments and industry to shape a secure and sustainable energy future for all.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) works with governments and industry to shape a secure and sustainable energy future for all.
International Energy Agency
URL: https://www.iea.org/
Last access: 18.11.2025
The Global Carbon Project
The Global Carbon Project (GCP) includes budgets for three dominant greenhouse gases — carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide — and complementary efforts in urban, regional, cumulative, and negative emissions.
The Global Carbon Project (GCP) includes budgets for three dominant greenhouse gases — carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide — and complementary efforts in urban, regional, cumulative, and negative emissions.
The Global Carbon Project
Last access: 18.11.2025
NOAA ANNUAL GREENHOUSE GAS INDEX (AGGI)
The AGGI is a measure of the climate-warming influence of long-lived trace gases in the atmosphere and how that influence has changed since the onset of the industrial revolution.
The AGGI is a measure of the climate-warming influence of long-lived trace gases in the atmosphere and how that influence has changed since the onset of the industrial revolution.
Responsible: NOAA, Earth System Research Laboratories, Global Monitoring Laboratory
Last access: 18.11.2025
Earth's Global Energy Budget
Earth's global annual mean energy budget in the light of new observations and analyses.
Earth's global annual mean energy budget in the light of new observations and analyses.
Authors: Kevin E. Trenberth, John T. Fasullo, and Jeffrey Kiehl; BAMS 90(3), 2009
Last access: 18.11.2025
Global Warming Has Accelerated: Are the United Nations and the Public Well-Informed?
Global temperature leaped more than 0.4°C (0.7°F) during the past two years, the 12-month average peaking in August 2024 at +1.6°C relative to the temperature at the beginning of last century (the 1880-1920 average).
Global temperature leaped more than 0.4°C (0.7°F) during the past two years, the 12-month average peaking in August 2024 at +1.6°C relative to the temperature at the beginning of last century (the 1880-1920 average).
Auteurs: James E. Hansen et al., Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 67(1), 2025
Last access: 18.11.2025
Global sea-level budget and ocean-mass budget
Sea level analysis, with a focus on advanced data products and uncertainty characterisation.
Sea level analysis, with a focus on advanced data products and uncertainty characterisation.
Earth System Science Data, 14, 411–447, 2022
Last access: 18.11.2025
World Weather Attribution
When an extreme weather event occurs, people often ask: is climate change to blame? For decades, climate scientists have answered that question in general terms – that as the planet warms, we can expect many of these weather events to become more frequent and extreme. World Weather Attribution (WWA) scientists quantify how climate change influences the intensity and likelihood of an extreme weather event. They often do this using weather data and computer modelling, and often immediately in the aftermath of the extreme event.
When an extreme weather event occurs, people often ask: is climate change to blame? For decades, climate scientists have answered that question in general terms – that as the planet warms, we can expect many of these weather events to become more frequent and extreme. World Weather Attribution (WWA) scientists quantify how climate change influences the intensity and likelihood of an extreme weather event. They often do this using weather data and computer modelling, and often immediately in the aftermath of the extreme event.
Responsible: World Weather Attribution
Last access: 18.11.2025
Global Tipping Points
Harmful tipping points in the natural world threaten humanity by disrupting life support systems and societal stability. The effects of tipping points will be transmitted and amplified throughout our globalised world. To mitigate these risks, we should focus on positive tipping points—opportunities where beneficial changes become self-sustaining. History shows rapid societal shifts are possible.
Harmful tipping points in the natural world threaten humanity by disrupting life support systems and societal stability. The effects of tipping points will be transmitted and amplified throughout our globalised world. To mitigate these risks, we should focus on positive tipping points—opportunities where beneficial changes become self-sustaining. History shows rapid societal shifts are possible.
A dynamic and international community of researchers and practitioners that are passionate about tipping points.
Last access: 18.11.2025
Historical
CO2 "Greenhouse" Effect
Briefing material from Exxon Research and Engineering Company for internal use.
Briefing material from Exxon Research and Engineering Company for internal use.
Exxon Research and Engineering Company, Coordination and Planning Division. 46 pp., April 1, 1982.
Last access: 05.05.2026
التشتت
Data
State of the Global Climate 2025
The clear signs of human-induced climate change reached new heights in 2024, which was likely the first calendar year to be more than 1.5°C above the pre-industrial era, with a global mean near-surface temperature of 1.55 ± 0.13 °C above the 1850-1900 average.
The clear signs of human-induced climate change reached new heights in 2024, which was likely the first calendar year to be more than 1.5°C above the pre-industrial era, with a global mean near-surface temperature of 1.55 ± 0.13 °C above the 1850-1900 average.
Last access: 05.05.2026
EDGAR - Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research
EDGAR is a multipurpose, independent, global database of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollution on Earth.
EDGAR is a multipurpose, independent, global database of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollution on Earth.
Last access: 18.11.2025
Copernicus Climate Change Service
The Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) supports society by providing authoritative information about the past, present and future climate in Europe and the rest of the World.
The Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) supports society by providing authoritative information about the past, present and future climate in Europe and the rest of the World.
Copernicus Earth Observation Programme
of the European Union
Last access: 19.10.2024
Climate.us
Keeping trusted climate information up to date and easy to find.
Keeping trusted climate information up to date and easy to find.
independent, nonprofit, and immune to politics
Last access: 18.11.2025
NOAA Climate
NOAA experts provide data, tools and information to help people understand, prepare for and adapt to our changing climate.
NOAA experts provide data, tools and information to help people understand, prepare for and adapt to our changing climate.
Responsable: NOAA
Last access: 18.11.2025
NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory: Carbon Cycle Greenhouse Gases
The Carbon Cycle Greenhouse Gases (CCGG) research area operates the Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network, measuring the atmospheric distribution and trends of the three main long-term drivers of climate change.
The Carbon Cycle Greenhouse Gases (CCGG) research area operates the Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network, measuring the atmospheric distribution and trends of the three main long-term drivers of climate change.
Responsable: NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory
Last access: 18.11.2025
NOAA ANNUAL GREENHOUSE GAS INDEX (AGGI)
The AGGI is a measure of the climate-warming influence of long-lived trace gases in the atmosphere and how that influence has changed since the onset of the industrial revolution.
The AGGI is a measure of the climate-warming influence of long-lived trace gases in the atmosphere and how that influence has changed since the onset of the industrial revolution.
Responsible: NOAA, Earth System Research Laboratories, Global Monitoring Laboratory
Last access: 18.11.2025
GISS Surface Temperature Analysis
An estimate of monthly and annual regional and global surface (land and oceans) temperature change. Graphs and tables are updated around the middle of every month. Annual time series cover the period of year 1880 until today.
An estimate of monthly and annual regional and global surface (land and oceans) temperature change. Graphs and tables are updated around the middle of every month. Annual time series cover the period of year 1880 until today.
Responsible: NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), New York, USA
Last access: 18.11.2025
The Global Carbon Project
The Global Carbon Project (GCP) includes budgets for three dominant greenhouse gases — carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide — and complementary efforts in urban, regional, cumulative, and negative emissions.
The Global Carbon Project (GCP) includes budgets for three dominant greenhouse gases — carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide — and complementary efforts in urban, regional, cumulative, and negative emissions.
The Global Carbon Project
Last access: 18.11.2025
How much CO2 can the world emit while keeping warming below 1.5°C and 2°C?
A generally understandable explanation of the carbon budgets derived from the warming thresholds of 1.5 degrees and 2 degrees Celsius.
A generally understandable explanation of the carbon budgets derived from the warming thresholds of 1.5 degrees and 2 degrees Celsius.
URL: https://ourworldindata.org/how-much-co2-can-the-world-emit-while-keeping-warming-below-15c-and-2c
Last access: 18.11.2025
Indicators of Global Climate Change
The Indicators of Global Climate Change (IGCC) initiative is providing updates of several key global climate indicators.
The Indicators of Global Climate Change (IGCC) initiative is providing updates of several key global climate indicators.
Priestley Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK, et al.
Last access: 18.11.2025
CO2 Emissions
CO2 emissions by year and sector, global and by country.
CO2 emissions by year and sector, global and by country.
Last access: 18.11.2025
Sea Ice Portal
Data and graphics on sea ice in the Arctic and Antarctic.
Data and graphics on sea ice in the Arctic and Antarctic.
Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
Last access: 18.11.2025
Sea surface warming faster than expected
Monthly global mean sea-surface temperature between 1985 and 2023.
Monthly global mean sea-surface temperature between 1985 and 2023.
Last access: 18.11.2025
Observational constraints project a ~50% AMOC weakening by the end of this century
Science Advances, 12(16), 15 April 2026
Last access: 05.05.2026
