8. Image Credits

3. Climate and climate change

Is the sun a black body emitter?
On Friday, 12 March 2004, the Sun ejected a spectacular 'eruptive prominence', or mass of relatively cool plasma, into the heliosphere.
ESA Multimedia Gallery, SOHO sees eruptive prominence.
Last access: 20 June 2012
Spectral irradiances of a black body with the temperature 5900 K (yellow), the solar radiation at the outer edge of the earth's atmosphere (extraterrestrial sunlight, orange) and at sea level (terrestrial sunlight, rainbow-coloured).
Graph
File: Sonne_Strahlungsintensitaet.svg, Wikipedia, modified. The original uploader was Degreen at German Wikipedia
Last access: 19 March 2021
Estimation of the area below the spectrum of extraterrestrial radiation with a rectangle.
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Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany, with File:Sonne_Strahlungsintensitaet.svg, Wikipedia, modified.
The most important Fraunhofer lines in the visible spectrum, with their names chosen by Fraunhofer
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File: Fraunhofer lines.svg, Wikimedia Commons, modified.
Last access: 19 March 2021
Brightness spectrum of a blue sky. The Fraunhofer lines are also marked.
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File: Spectrum of blue sky.svg, Wikimedia Commons, modifiziert. Author: Eric Bajart
Last access: 19 March 2021
All Fraunhofer lines in the range from 5000 to 6000 Ångström (or 500 to 600 nm).
Graph
BASS Solar Survey Archive.
Last access: 19 March 2021
Experimental setup for the detection of the Fraunhofer lines of sodium.
Photograph
Experiment Natrium-Dublett, Vorlesungsexperimente am Institut für Physik, Universität Oldenburg.
Author: Bernd Schwenker.
Last access: 24 March 2021
Spectrum of a halogen lamp with the Fraunhofer lines of sodium.
Photograph
Experiment Natrium-Dublett, Vorlesungsexperimente am Institut für Physik, Universität Oldenburg.
Author: Bernd Schwenker.
Last access: 24 March 2021
Berlin at night, photographed from the International Space Station ISS on April 6, 2013 from an altitude of 396 km. ...
Photograph
Berlin at night, Gateway to Astronaut Photography of the Earth, NASA.
Last access: 24 March 2021
Above: Monthly and yearly averaged timelapses of the solar irradiance from 1976 to 2015....
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From: James Hansen et al.: Assessing "Dangerous Climate Change": Required Reduction of Carbon Emissions to Protect Young People, Future Generations and Nature, PLOS ONE, 3. Dezember 2013.
Last access: 29 April 2021
...even if we really appreciate its colours
Photograph
Dorothee Spieker, Oldenburg, Germany, 2024
Above: Percentage of radiation loss when solar radiation passes through the atmosphere...
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Wikimedia Commons, modifiziert. Autor: Robert A. Rohde
Last access: 15 May 2021
Monthly irradiance (direct solar radiation and atmospheric radiation) on the ground in Central Europe in 2016-2018...
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Arbeitsgruppe Energiemeteorologie, Universität Oldenburg.
Last access: 09 May 2021
Radiance of the Earth measured in space (black) and modelled (red)...
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MODTRAN Infrared Light in the Atmosphere, Universität Chicago, USA.
Last access: 10 May 2021
Infrared spectrum of the back radiation measured on the ground. ...
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Justus Notholt, Bremen University, Germany, personal communication 2009, edited.
The sun and the Earth at a distance of 1 AU, the astronomical unit. ...
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Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany.
A black Earth that completely absorbs all incident radiation, and an Earth as a blue planet with an albedo of 0.3.
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Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany.
Transmission and reflection of window glass...
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Fraunhofer-Institut für Schicht- und Oberflächentechnik IST, Braunschweig.
Last access: 15 March 2023
A greenhouse, Wilhelma Zoological-Botanical Garden Stuttgart, Germany. ...
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Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany.
Global energy budget of the Earth.
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NASA Langley Research Center Science Directorate EPO, USA.
Last access: 27 June 2021
The Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii, USA.
Photograph
NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, USA.
Last access: 27 August 2023
Left: Time series of atmospheric CO2 from March 1959 to October 2022. ...
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NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, USA.
Last access: 27 August 2023
The NOAA Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network (GGGRN) with locations...
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NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, USA.
Last access: 26 August 2023
Time series of greenhouse gases since 1979.
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NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, USA.
Last access: 26 August 2023
Changes in temperature at the Earth's surface (land and oceans) since 1880.
Graph
NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, USA.
Last access: 29 October 2024
Regional temperatures in July 2023 compared to the average in the base period 1951 to 1980.
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NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, USA.
Last access: 29 October 2024