8. مصادر الصور

2. Thermal Radiation

Is the sun a black body emitter?
On Friday, 12 March 2004, the Sun ejected a spectacular 'eruptive prominence', or mass of relatively cool plasma, into the heliosphere.
ESA Multimedia Gallery, SOHO sees eruptive prominence.
Last access: 20 June 2012
Two bodies in a thermal equilibrium within a cavity . ...
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany.
Colourful enameled cups in a kiln at room temperature.
Photograph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany.
The kiln is heatened to 1300° C.
Photograph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany.
Left: Shot of central Italy in the infrared ...
Satellite image
ESA EduSpace Image Catalogue.
Left: Thermal image of a badly isolated building. ...
Photograph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany.
Left: Thermal image of a mailbox made of stainless steel. ...
Photograph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany.
Thermal images of Dahl near Paderborn ...
Photograph
Claudia Künzer, DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen
Thermal image of the inner city of Munich, 1982. ...
Photograph
Claudia Künzer, DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen
Emission graphs of black bodies as a function of frequency ...
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany.
Emission graphs of black bodies as a function of wavelength ...
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany.
A cavity radiator for temperatures of about 1500°C. ...
Photograph
Eidgenössisches Institut für Metrologie METAS, Bern, Switzerland.
Total radiation M of black bodies.
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Wavelength in µm of the radiation maximum for black bodies.
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Emissivity of tungsten depending on the wavelength at several temperatures.
Graph
CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 60th Edition, p. E-381
50 W halogen lamp operating on 12 V in front of a candle-shaped 25 W incandescent lamp operating at 230 V. ...
Photograph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany.
Front: A 45 W standard halogen lamp made by ORIEL Instruments. ...
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany.
Radiation spectrum of the 45 W reference standard halogen lamp shown above. ...
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany.
Spectral irradiances of a black body with the temperature 5900 K (yellow), the solar radiation at the outer edge of the earth's atmosphere (extraterrestrial sunlight, orange) and at sea level (terrestrial sunlight, rainbow-coloured).
Graph
File: Sonne_Strahlungsintensitaet.svg, Wikipedia, modified. The original uploader was Degreen at German Wikipedia
Last access: 19 March 2021
Estimation of the area below the spectrum of extraterrestrial radiation with a rectangle.
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany, with File:Sonne_Strahlungsintensitaet.svg, Wikipedia, modified.
The most important Fraunhofer lines in the visible spectrum, with their names chosen by Fraunhofer
Graph
File: Fraunhofer lines.svg, Wikimedia Commons, modified.
Last access: 19 March 2021
Brightness spectrum of a blue sky. The Fraunhofer lines are also marked.
Graph
File: Spectrum of blue sky.svg, Wikimedia Commons, modifiziert. Author: Eric Bajart
Last access: 19 March 2021
All Fraunhofer lines in the range from 5000 to 6000 Ångström (or 500 to 600 nm).
Graph
BASS Solar Survey Archive.
Last access: 19 March 2021
Experimental setup for the detection of the Fraunhofer lines of sodium.
Photograph
Experiment Natrium-Dublett, Vorlesungsexperimente am Institut für Physik, Universität Oldenburg.
Author: Bernd Schwenker.
Last access: 24 March 2021
Spectrum of a halogen lamp with the Fraunhofer lines of sodium.
Photograph
Experiment Natrium-Dublett, Vorlesungsexperimente am Institut für Physik, Universität Oldenburg.
Author: Bernd Schwenker.
Last access: 24 March 2021
Berlin at night, photographed from the International Space Station ISS on April 6, 2013 from an altitude of 396 km. ...
Photograph
Berlin at night, Gateway to Astronaut Photography of the Earth, NASA.
Last access: 24 March 2021
Above: Monthly and yearly averaged timelapses of the solar irradiance from 1976 to 2015....
Graph
From: James Hansen et al.: Assessing "Dangerous Climate Change": Required Reduction of Carbon Emissions to Protect Young People, Future Generations and Nature, PLOS ONE, 3. Dezember 2013.
Last access: 29 April 2021
Above: Percentage of radiation loss when solar radiation passes through the atmosphere...
Graph
Wikimedia Commons, modifiziert. Autor: Robert A. Rohde
Last access: 15 May 2021
Monthly irradiance (direct solar radiation and atmospheric radiation) on the ground in Central Europe in 2016-2018...
Graph
Arbeitsgruppe Energiemeteorologie, Universität Oldenburg.
Last access: 09 May 2021
Radiance of the Earth measured in space (black) and modelled (red)...
Graph
MODTRAN Infrared Light in the Atmosphere, Universität Chicago, USA.
Last access: 10 May 2021
Infrared spectrum of the back radiation measured on the ground. ...
Graph
Justus Notholt, Bremen University, Germany, personal communication 2009, edited.
The sun and the Earth at a distance of 1 AU, the astronomical unit. ...
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany.
A black Earth that completely absorbs all incident radiation, and an Earth as a blue planet with an albedo of 0.3.
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany.
Transmission and reflection of window glass...
Graph
Fraunhofer-Institut für Schicht- und Oberflächentechnik IST, Braunschweig.
Last access: 15 March 2023
A greenhouse, Wilhelma Zoological-Botanical Garden Stuttgart, Germany. ...
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany.
Global energy budget of the Earth.
Graph
NASA Langley Research Center Science Directorate EPO, USA.
Last access: 27 June 2021
The Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii, USA.
Photograph
NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, USA.
Last access: 27 August 2023
Left: Time series of atmospheric CO2 from March 1959 to October 2022. ...
Graph
NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, USA.
Last access: 27 August 2023
The NOAA Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network (GGGRN) with locations...
Graph
NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, USA.
Last access: 26 August 2023
Time series of greenhouse gases since 1979.
Graph
NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, USA.
Last access: 26 August 2023

 

Supplement 2.1

Two bodies in a thermal equilibrium in an isolated cavity. ...
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany.

Supplement 2.2

Three-dimensional space of possible oscillator modes of stationary waves in a cavity. ...
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany.
Displacement of a coil spring.
Graph
Wikimedia Commons, file: Hookes-law-springs.png.
Last access: 17 January 2020

Supplement 2.4

The left and right sides of the transcendental equation plotted separately, ...
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany.

Supplement 2.6

Trajektories of several drifters simulteanously released at different locations south of Puerto Rico, ...
Graph
Caribbean Coastal Ocean Observation System (Caribbean IOOS).
Last access: 17 March 2017
Land surface temperature, ...
Graphics
NEO - NASA Earth Observations.
Last access: 18 March 2017
Trajectories of 18 surface drifters in the region of the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico.
Graph
Caribbean Coastal Ocean Observation System (Caribbean IOOS).
Last access: 20. March 2017
Current data measured at a time series station in the tidal inlet near Spiekeroog island in the Earst Frisian Wadden Sea.
Graph
Thomas Badewien & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany.